Showing posts with label complexity. Show all posts
Showing posts with label complexity. Show all posts

Visual Complexity: Mapping Patterns of Information Review

Visual Complexity: Mapping Patterns of Information
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Visual Complexity: Mapping Patterns of Information ReviewPeople interested in and fascinated by gorgeous data and network visualization will love this book.
Lima has done a masterful job of researching and showcasing some of the most beautiful visualizations in the world. However he has actually gone much, much further.
The book contains deep original research on the origins of visual representation, the emergence of networks and network thinking, as well as exploring a new syntax for mapping complex systems. All of this makes for something far more sophisticated than a compendium of pretty infographics -- even though aesthetes will be very much satisfied! -- instead it is an ambitious and intellectually significant dive into the very heart of networks, the desire to understand data, and the practice of discerning insights from their visualization.
A particular highlight are the jaw-dropping comparisons between Jackson Pollock's art and network visualizations in the chapter on 'Complex Beauty'. Lima compares one Jackson Pollock painting with a computer-generated model produced by an IBM supercomputer mapping millions of neuron connections in the brain. The two images, side-by-side, are eerily similar. It gives you the tingling sensation that Pollock's work was less raw artistic explosions and more a representation of what he was 'seeing' deep inside into his brain.
All up, an immensely valuable contribution to an exciting and emerging phenomenon. Brilliant for people interested in beautiful visualizations and perfect for those wanting to delve a little deeper into what's really going on.
'Visual Complexity' is taking pride of place on top of my coffee table.Visual Complexity: Mapping Patterns of Information Overview

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Two's Company, Three is Complexity Review

Two's Company, Three is Complexity
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Two's Company, Three is Complexity ReviewThere seem to be an abundance of books that focus on simple questions like "why is the sky blue?" or "why don't penguins get cold feet?", I have always found these types of books interesting, but ultimately the answers are of little relevance to my everyday life where I turn on the news and am confronted with falling stock markets, terrorist attacks and the spread of the latest computer virus. Why do things like these occur, can we understand them and what do they have in common?
It is through answers to these questions and the explanations of everyday events that "two's company, three is complexity" really shines. Using the science of Complexity Johnson explains the underlying causes behind many of the phenomena we see in the world around us. Phenomena like traffic jams, terrorism, stock markets, the common cold and the growth of cancer tumours. Before I read this book I had assumed these things were too difficult to understand (without a PhD), or that they just occurred at random. However Johnson largely succeeds in explaining these phenomena using intuition, diagrams and good analogies. To his credit equations are kept to a minimum so the book remains very readable. That said I think that the real strength of the book lies in its ability to draw parallels and links between these seemingly disparate systems. I started to realise that the growth of a Cancer tumour was perhaps not so different from the movement of traffic on city streets, or that the price movements on international currency markets might be share many features with the spread of the common cold.
In reading this book I had a large number of Ah-Ha moments and perhaps that is why it is ultimately so enjoyable. It was as if a light bulb would suddenly appeared over my head as I read the explanations.
Summary
This book is an engaging tour through the new science of complexity, told in an addictive manner. Do yourself a favour and next time you are going on a long flight, ditch the B grade in-flight movie and read this book instead. You will come out with a new appreciation of the way our world works and you will never look at a traffic jam in the same way again :)Two's Company, Three is Complexity Overview

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The Emerging Consensus in Social Systems Theory Review

The Emerging Consensus in Social Systems Theory
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The Emerging Consensus in Social Systems Theory ReviewPeople new to systems thinking and cybernetics are looking for handy resources to get started. This book requires something more. However, once a person gains a basic understanding, this book has proven to me to be one of the best. It points the reader in a number of directions for further study, and gives a useful summary of what the reader will find there.
Its treatment of the famous Luhmann-Habermas debates was especially helpful, and I plan to use a number of other sections in my own studies and college teaching for some time to come. I find that the writer understood the importance of orienting the reader who hadn't been comfortable with the science and mathematics that often go with systems thinking.
The author does an especially good job trying to integrate certain concerns with democracy, participative management, and widespread involvement that a systems approach sometimes neglects in pursuit of social engineering by a technical elite.
This book was heavier than a simple introduction, so it is not exactly the front door to systems thinking, but I have found it to be a hallway to many rooms that I am still exploring -- thanks to Kenneth Bausch.The Emerging Consensus in Social Systems Theory Overview

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Scale-Free Networks: Complex Webs in Nature and Technology (Oxford Finance) Review

Scale-Free Networks: Complex Webs in Nature and Technology (Oxford Finance)
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Scale-Free Networks: Complex Webs in Nature and Technology (Oxford Finance) ReviewThis book is a welcome fix to a gap in the complex network literature. It is sufficently detailed to enable the
reader to enter into research in the field, but does not assume any technical background knowledge. It is divided into two parts: the first gives an overview of the theory of complex networks; the second, a collection of applications from different areas of academia.
The author is a leading researcher in the field, and because of this many of the applications are the subject of current research. The book does not attempt to be exhaustive, which is one of its strengths: it is a highly readable and fascinating survey of the more exciting aspects of complex networks. The book will likely be taken up as one of the standard undergraduate textbooks in the field.
Finally, I note that Caldarelli makes use of an amusing literary device: the first sentence of each chapter is an adaptation of a first sentence from a famous book. While this will provide mirth for most readers, it seems to have confounded one reviewer.
For example:
Foundation by Isaac Asimov: His name was Gaal Dornick and he was just a country boy who had never seen Trantor before.
Caldarelli: His name was Leonard Euler and he was just a country boy who had never seen Königsberg before.
Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain: You don't know about me without you have read a book by the name of The Adventures of Tom Sawyer; but that ain't no matter.
Caldarelli: You don't know about graphs without you have read the previous chapter; but that ain't no matter.
Scale-Free Networks: Complex Webs in Nature and Technology (Oxford Finance) Overview

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Statistical Analysis of Network Data: Methods and Models (Springer Series in Statistics) Review

Statistical Analysis of Network Data: Methods and Models (Springer Series in Statistics)
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Statistical Analysis of Network Data: Methods and Models (Springer Series in Statistics) ReviewI was looking for a more formal and thorough review of statistical network analysis, and this was the best book I found on the subject. Most other books are really introductions to the study of complex networks, this is the first one I found which goes deeper into the advanced statistical analysis of network data. I recommend it.Statistical Analysis of Network Data: Methods and Models (Springer Series in Statistics) Overview

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Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling (Princeton Studies in Complexity) Review

Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling (Princeton Studies in Complexity)
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Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling (Princeton Studies in Complexity) ReviewJosh Epstein's new Opus is a landmark publication in the emerging field of multiagent-based simulation of dynamic social systems. Since Josh is not only one of this still nascent (though burgeoning) field's ablest and most creative practitioners, but also among its most thoughtful critics, the reader of has two treats in store: (1) a generous, and wide-ranging, sampling of case studies (including social networks and evolution, population growth, emergence of economic classes, civil unrest, timing of retirement, the dynamics of adaptive organizations and the spread of infectious disease), and (2) a cogent "meta" discussion of what multiagent models ARE, ARE NOT and how (when their properties and limitations are *not* properly taken account of) they can easily be MISAPPLIED.
Far from suggesting that multiagent-based models are a panacea solution to all (or most) social dynamical systems, Josh's book carefully articulates the conditions for which such an approach IS (and is NOT) appropriate; an approach rarely taken by other, similar, overviews of the field. Indeed, the cogent philosophical discussion in Chapter One - alone! - in which the generativist's position is defined and put into a broader modeling/simulation context, is worth the price of admission; I have not seen a better "manifesto" of multiagent-based modeling elsewhere.
Finally, without taking away any of the inherent "beauty" (in the technical sense) of the often exaggerated concept of "emergence," Josh succeeds admirably in both defining the term, and de-mystifying it, stripping it of some of its unnecessary "quasi-mystical" baggage (at least as it is often portrayed in lay publications).
Anyone who is interested in understanding how agent models may be used to help explore the dynamics of social dynamical systems, should have this book firmly on top of their "must read" list! Josh has generously provided future generations of agent explorers their go-to source of both inspiration and ideas. Well done Josh!Generative Social Science: Studies in Agent-Based Computational Modeling (Princeton Studies in Complexity) Overview

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Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW (Physics) Review

Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW (Physics)
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Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW (Physics) ReviewAs a newcomer in the field of network theory I read first this book. It is quite easy to understand: clear and logical. However the calculations somewhere are too compact.Evolution of Networks: From Biological Nets to the Internet and WWW (Physics) Overview

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Connections: An Introduction to the Economics of Networks Review

Connections: An Introduction to the Economics of Networks
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Connections: An Introduction to the Economics of Networks ReviewIf the literature on networks had not achieved widespread appreciation before this labor of love and accomplishment, this book will remedy matters. The lucidity of its arguments, the liveliness of the prose, and the profundity of the intellectual force that underpins the structure of this work are truly remarkable. The book provides a panoramic summary of an emerging field that will transform the way we have hitherto imagined social interactions and processes. I enthusiastically recommend this book to anyone who has even a passing interest in social networks, and even to those who don't. A purely market-based approach to interactions among consumers and between consumers and producers misses the richness of the social context within which all humans are embedded. This book will force economists to re-evaluate the flaws in their premises, and lead to a thorough reconceptualization and reconfiguation of the subject matter of social scientists.Connections: An Introduction to the Economics of Networks Overview

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The Structure and Dynamics of Networks: (Princeton Studies in Complexity) Review

The Structure and Dynamics of Networks: (Princeton Studies in Complexity)
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The Structure and Dynamics of Networks: (Princeton Studies in Complexity) ReviewCriticism of this book thus far stems from the following:
1) It is a collection of papers.
2) Some of those papers are fairly technical and may be a little daunting for beginners.
While both of these criticisms are accurate, they don't stop the book from being an excellent resource.
While it is a collection of papers, it is a very well-chosen one which includes some of the most important and influential papers in the field, and covers a wide array of subjects within it. Furthermore, each section has an intro written by the authors, which summarizes the works in the section in a fairly nontechnical manner.
This book saved me from days of basic research and frustration in trying to locate full-text articles, and when I was done with it I felt that I had a fairly good working knowledge of the field. I imagine it will be fairly handy for future reference as well.
As for (2), this book was my introduction to network analysis, and while I admit I was unable to read every paper, I was able to understand the main point of almost all of them. Caveat: I am a mathematician. However, as I said, I was previously unfamiliar to the field--and my background gave me little advantage considering I didn't care to go through the equations in detail.
I would recommend this book to anyone with a mildly technical background (say, a few years of university-level science, engineering, or math under their belt) interested in learning about network theory.The Structure and Dynamics of Networks: (Princeton Studies in Complexity) Overview

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Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks Review

Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks
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Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks ReviewThe surprising answer is yes. I picked this book up after reading Steven Strogatz's Sync which mentions a great deal about the science of networks. Buchanan explains how networks exist everywhere - the net, the web, the power grid, our circle of friends, our sex partners - and that they are in fact very similar to one another.
The phrase "six degrees of separation" comes from the fact that two randomly chosen people, A and B, will on average be connected by six social links. A knows C who knows D who knows E who knows F who knows G who finally knows B. Considering the world has over 6 billion people, an average separation of 6 seems unbelievable small, but the explanation of this incredible phenomenon lies in the makeup of our social network. Our close friends know each other but our cluster of friends has weak ties to other clusters through acquaintances, people we really don't know that well - that's why when one is looking for a job, it's better to tell an acquaintance rather than a friend so that our inquiry can jump to other clusters. Our social network is essentially highly clustered but enough links exist between these clusters to allow us to jump from ourselves to any other person through just an average of six links. Buchanan shows us how this kind of network exists everywhere as mentioned above although he distinguishes between egalitarian networks where clusters are roughly the same size and aristocratic networks such as the WWW where gigantic hubs like Amazon.com exist that link to millions of websites.
One of the most interesting chapters in the book deals with sexual networks. It turns out that in the network of sex partners, certain people have a great many more links than the average person in the network. Buchanan explains how the structure of the sexual network actually accounts for the rapid spread of HIV. The virus spread quickly because the hubs in the network spread it to their numerous partners. In fact, it turns out that a significant percentage of the inital HIV cases had a sexual relationship with one particular flight attendant.
As I wrote in my review for Strogatz's Sync, we are entering an era of science where disparate fields of study are being linked because many phenomena that we used to regard as unrelated now appear to have very similar underlying bases. It is exciting to read books like Nexus because it illustrates this point. You should definitely read this book if your are interested in the science of networks and want to know how so many different phenomena are being explained by the same underlying principles.Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks Overview

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Weak Links: The Universal Key to the Stability of Networks and Complex Systems (The Frontiers Collection) Review

Weak Links: The Universal Key to the Stability of Networks and Complex Systems (The Frontiers Collection)
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Weak Links: The Universal Key to the Stability of Networks and Complex Systems (The Frontiers Collection) ReviewIf you ever needed another good reason to value your grandmother even more, you'll find the answer in "Weak links".
Structurally, his book starts with an exposition on network theory and
terminology, then the application and discussion of these concepts to
real-life complex systems on many scales and applied to many domains (physical, natural, technological, social). His main point is, as the reviewer noted above, that 'weak' links (weak: additional/removal does not statistically affect the average of some metric) stabilize systems.
The book has thorough footnotes, one can delve as deep as one would like
into the professional papers. In addition, Csermely is an honest scholar - he shows his hands when there is mere speculation (you have to see the book's unique pictograms to appreciate the effects)
After pouring through several alternatives, I have adopted this book as a
textbook for my Science of Networks class (I'm CS fac at an elite US liberal arts school), and I recommend it to anyone without hesitation for a readable, and learned exposition.
I only have two or three caveats from a specialist's point of view: The
phenomenological discovery of power laws in complex systems is not unusual
and may not be evidence of any SF properties. Scale-free is an abused
term, and I wish the controversy about it were explained a bit more. Also, from a modelling point of view, I wish Doyle and Carlson's work on HOT systems were discussed in more depth.
But these are minor points, relatively speaking. This is a gem of a book:
erudite, humane, funny, accessible and thoroughly fascinating. On every
page, there are delights that lead down new intellectual paths.
Csermely did a great service to pedagogy and to this budding science with
this magisterial survey. Outstanding in its ease of access for intelligent
undergraduates and commendable for intellectual honesty - I wish more
books (textbooks and otherwise) were written this way.Weak Links: The Universal Key to the Stability of Networks and Complex Systems (The Frontiers Collection) Overview

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Linked: The New Science of Networks Review

Linked: The New Science of Networks
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Linked: The New Science of Networks ReviewUpdated 28 Dec 07 to add links.
I have mixed feelings about this book. On the one hand, it is coherent, thoughtful, and tells a story about the emerging science of networks that anyone, who can read, can understand. This is a non-trivial accomplishment, so 4 stars.
However, the book is also--being brilliantly designed to be understood by the lowest common denominator, an undergraduate--somewhat shallow and empty.... especially when compared with Stephen Wolfram's "A New Kind of Science", 1197 pages not counting the index, which is at the other extreme.
Although there are good notes, there is no bibliography, and the author fails to use network methodology to illustrate and document the emerging literature on networks--called citation analysis, this would have been a superb appendix to the book that would have taken it up a notch in utility.
Among the key points that the author discusses and which certainly make the book worth buying and reading, my above reservations not-with-standing:
1) Reductionism has driven 20th century science (and one might add, all other knowledge), with the result being that we have experts who know more and more about less and less--and )as CIA and FBI recently found)while leaving us devoid of generalists and multi-disciplinary artists and scientists who can "connect the dots" across these fragmented foci.
2) Contrary to the prevailing wisdom about networks being equally distributed and thus largely invulnerable to catastrophic meltdown, the author does a fine job of documenting the importance of selected "hubs", so important that their removal ultimately breaks the network down into isolated pieces. The functionality of the network, its strength, is also its weakness--vulnerability to deliberate attack against the hubs (the author does not mention the Internet domain directories except in passing while discussing a table error, but MAYEAST and MAYWEST would be two obvious directory hubs that could be better protected through replication).
3) The author inadvertently makes a vital contribution to our understanding of how to defend America against terrorism--discussing why no single authority can close down the Internet by fiat, he notes "The underlying network has become so distributed, decentralized and locally guarded that even such an ordinary task as getting a central map of it has become virtually impossible." LOCALLY GUARDED--this is the key phrase. Federalizing counter-terrorism, and using federal agents and computers at the state and local levels, will not be effective against terrorists in civilian guise within the homeland--only a complete extension of counterintelligence and counterterrorism methods to the state & local level--teaching them to fish for terrorists, rather than trying to catch the terrorists with federal trawlers, is the way to go.
4) The author flirts with what is known as nomadic computing, making the point that nodes built around individual people are becoming as important--some would say more important--in a networked economy than nodes built around static organizations. There is a useful general discussion of how "fitness" in a networked economy is a combination of speed and scalability as well as diversity of linkages. As a general rule, as the FBI found (and also CIA, INS, and the State Department), systems with a single hub resistant to initiative from the field offices will tend to be slow and ineffective.
Missing from this populist overview is a discussion of the vital importance of geospatial information. While the author helpfully notes the Earth is increasingly covered by an electronic "skin" with millions of measuring devices, with experts predicting that by 2010 there will "around 10,000 telemetric devices for each human on the planet" (one suspects this refers only to privileged humans, not the billions of dispossessed that lack telephones, never mind computers), he does not take the next essential step, which is to note that in the absence of an XML-GEO standard and a global push to associate geospatial as well as temporal tags with all data, much of what we collect will, like the trillions of bits we have collected with secret satellites, never get processed in a meaningful manner.
This is a helpful book that will be of value to the general reader at the elementary (adult) level.
See also:
The Tao of Democracy: Using Co-Intelligence to Create a World That Works for All
Group Genius: The Creative Power of Collaboration
Collective Intelligence: Mankind's Emerging World in Cyberspace
Global Brain: The Evolution of Mass Mind from the Big Bang to the 21st Century
One from Many: VISA and the Rise of Chaordic Organization
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
World Brain (Essay Index Reprint Series)
The Wisdom of Crowds
An Army of Davids: How Markets and Technology Empower Ordinary People to Beat Big Media, Big Government, and Other GoliathsLinked: The New Science of Networks Overview

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