Showing posts with label cultural studies. Show all posts
Showing posts with label cultural studies. Show all posts

The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers Review

The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers
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The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers ReviewThrough a series of anecdotes and interviews, largely drawn from his eight years in China as correspondent for 'The Financial Times', Richard McGregor illustrates 'the Party', a remarkable social organization which subordinates 1.3 billion people.
It is a journalist's treatment rather than academic, so instead of explicitly offering analysis, Richard McGregor lets his interviews and stories largely speak for themselves. This provides a range of interesting characters, quotes and anecdotes. However, a side-effect is that many remarkable insights are either buried innocuously in the text or left to the reader's inference. The story is no less fascinating for it.
The picture that emerges is of a creative, adaptable, self-aware and resilient social network. Made up of 75 million party members, one in twelve adult Chinese, this self-perpetuating elite has no legal form beyond a mention in the preamble to China's constitution. The party exists outside the regular state apparatus and operates like a controller chip grafted into China's governing structures through party cells throughout government, the military, public companies and even private firms.
Grounded in its near ubiquitous presence in the state, military, public and private spheres, the Party maintains its grip via a number of interconnected and synergistic processes. Its personnel system allows any individual to be replaced, transferred or expelled at the will of the organism. Party control of the military provides ultimate coercive sanction. The Party's discipline system places members above the law even as it strengthens Party control of the behaviour of its members. The propaganda department uses sophisticated story telling to sculpt the narrative around events to conform to the Party's best interests.
Few join the party for ideological reasons. Rather, achieving party status is to gain membership into an elite club which, provided you stay within its unwritten bounds and contribute to the goals of the organism, gives a member a form of immunity from the law and other powers and abilities not available to the average citizen. In the corruption that is endemic in the system, everyone is guilty of something serious - from taking bribes, to tax evasion to sexual impropriety to failing to get proper permits. Members that stray out of bounds need not be punished for the real fault, but instead for one of the many more routine transgressions that hang over the heads of almost all party members. Were one not able to normally get away with routine transgressions, there would be little benefit to party membership. Yet simply knowing that straying too far will result in being punished for something entirely different is enough to self-censor unwanted behaviours, in particular the unwritten ones.
Self-reflexive and analytic, the party is alert to the internal and external dangers it faces and has proven able to respond to challenge with remarkable agility, creativity and effectiveness.
Though the book is very much about the Party at present, in 2010, glimpses of party history serve to illustrate the nature of the organism and its ability to adapt and reinvent itself.
For example, Richard McGregor declares a historic milestone the Party's peaceful and administrative transfer of power in 2002 to a new top grouping of apparatchiks. For the first time in over 2000 years of Chinese history, China was no longer ruled by a single individual seen as a sort of a god. Instead, the apex of China became a committee atop an organism which permeates into the whole society, with the next shifting of interchangable personalities at the top scheduled for 2012.
In 1992, only ten years prior to the 2002 milestone, again demonstrating forward looking pragmatic realism, the party transformed itself on entrepreneurs - the most extreme enemies of communism - not just by allowing them to join the party, but by actively recruiting them. Binding China's rapidly emerging entrepreneurial elites to the party provided benefits to both sides, allowing entrepreneurs more freedom from the stultifying strictures of state apparatus while reinforcing and renewing Party control on an element of Chinese society that may have come to threaten the Party's very existence.
Prior to that, the shock of Tiananmen square and the fall of the former Soviet Bloc caused a wave of realistic threat assessment and self-reflection within the Party. This lead to further creative and pragmatic changes, though not in the ways that analysts in the west might have guessed or hoped for.
Given the importance of the Party in China and the growing importance of China in the world, it behooves us to better understand it. Richard McGregor's fascinating and informative book is recommended reading for those interested in understanding not just the Party, but the modern China within which it operates.The Party: The Secret World of China's Communist Rulers Overview

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The Breakup 2.0: Disconnecting over New Media Review

The Breakup 2.0: Disconnecting over New Media
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The Breakup 2.0: Disconnecting over New Media ReviewBreakup 2.0 is based on a brilliant insight: if you want to look at how the form of the message matters, look at the one situation where the content can't matter at all. What, after all, is the satisfactory answer to, "Why are you breaking up with me?"
Gershon manages to take a scholarly and thought-provoking approach to the problems involved with using new technologies, and, at the same time, provide a fun, hip, and humorous look at the processes of connection and disconnection. Having been unpleasantly dumped (hopefully) more than my fair share of times, I was reluctant to pick up this book. But it is so funny and compassionate that you will find yourself laughing and taking comfort much more than you will find yourself cringing. In fact, off hand, I don't think I found a single cringe-worthy moment.
What I did find was charming writing (facebook stalking provides little "potato chips" of information--small, bad for you, AND unsatisfying), and interesting insights into the changing face of technology. Did you know that there was once a debate over whether to answer the telephone with "Hello" or "Ahoy!"? Or that young people think that only old people write personal emails? That you are not the only one who has terrible spelling in emails and why? That people are creating fake facebook profiles to stalk each other and how to spot them?
What I loved most about this book, however, were the excerpts from interviews with college students, who are much kinder, more thoughtful, and more ethical than I would have given them credit for. Because, after all, I'm old, send personal emails, and don't know how to text.
You won't know what it all means once you've read Breakup 2.0, but you'll have a wonderful time trying to figure it out. And you'll have a better-examined life as you interact with new technologies, which you will have to do more and more. And more. UR. Sorry.The Breakup 2.0: Disconnecting over New Media Overview

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Watching YouTube: Extraordinary Videos by Ordinary People (Digital Futures) Review

Watching YouTube: Extraordinary Videos by Ordinary People (Digital Futures)
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Watching YouTube: Extraordinary Videos by Ordinary People (Digital Futures) ReviewIn the May 2010 edition of the Literary Review of Canada Geoff Pevere reviewed Watching YouTube: Extraordinary Videos by Ordinary People (University of Toronto Press). The following is a summary of the review with responses by the author, Michael Strangelove.
Pevere's review takes the sociological significance of YouTube seriously. Unlike more frivolous commentators, such as Andrew Keen, Pevere treats the subject of Watching YouTube - amateur videographers - with the respect that they often deserve. As to the author (myself), he rightly notes that my "palpable excitement over what is happening [on YouTube] is anchored to both a historical awareness of interactive YouTube's antecedents -- like home movies and analogue videotape -- and a weighty methodological rigour." A fine compliment that acknowledges the three years of research that went into the book and the 412 sources and 588 endnotes that make up its scholarly apparatus.
Pevere kindly acknowledges that I carefully avoid the often-seen error of proclaiming yet one more Internet revolution. I am "wary of making any over-revolutionary claims for YouTube" while also being "convinced that something sociologically significant has taken place." True enough. Why write a book about something that is of no consequence?
Having followed the Internet and related media theory for almost twenty years now, I made every effort in the text to make it clear that I am not cut from the same cloth of techno-utopians or technological determinists. The future of the `Tube and society itself remain unwritten and I have no interest in playing the role of a McLuhanist new media prophet. There is money to be made in selling silicon snake oil to a public that wants a clear picture of the digital networked future, but most of YouTube and its future is still drawn in grainy low-resolution images. While YouTube is of great significance, we do not yet fully understand the nature of its significance, its final state, or all of its probable consequences.
The reviewer notes that YouTube is "arguably the most pervasive medium for public dialogue since the rise of the democratic voting system" - an interesting analogy that compares the social significance of YouTube to the rise of democracy itself, which indeed may be the case given the intensely undemocratic character of the mass media of the 20th century. Yet the reviewer gets distracted by the entertainment value of YouTube and misses the main points about its social significance that I delineate in Watching YouTube, an issue to which we shall return shortly. Nonetheless, he acknowledges that:
"what is shaping up there [on YouTube], to the tune of billions of user-made, -generated and -traded home videos, is what may be the most spectacular manifestation so far of the digital technology-driven shift from what has been called the old read-only (RO) technology to the new read-write (RW) forms of media . . . there is more to this phenomenon than the billions of minutes of user-generated images that currently occupy so much of the content of the internet and the attention of its users: the very fact of this communications tsunami compels a complete rethink of so much media theory." Rethink indeed.
The bulk of our thinking about the audience's relationship to media in the twentieth century was restricted to the institutional character of content (produced by professionals) and the economic and structural character of the delivery system (privately owned, one-way commercial media):
"It was this closed-system model of media influence that gave rise to the once widespread criticism of the media as the mass hypnotist of public wants and desires, a hypodermic anaesthetic fired directly into the heart of a supine, powerless and oblivious body politic."
YouTube and amateur online videography more or less completely shatters the old coordinates of professionally-made, privately-owned, and broadcast-based that were used for close to a century to explain media, content, and audiences. But if the old media system was simply described as a hypodermic needle that injected meanings directly into a hapless audience (which it never really was, and they never really were), one might think I have drawn a straw man to describe the complex relationship that the 20th century's active audience of had with its old master, commercial media.
In Watching YouTube I draw a clear distinction between the active audience of mass media, and the hyper-active audience of online media. The analogue audience was active only as weakly-empowered interpreter of meanings (which were only shared in a local context) while the digital audience has significantly greater powers of production (which generate globally distributed online videos). YouTube, the Internet, and digital cameras have transformed the audience from a locally significant interpreter of commercial media to a globally influential producer of entirely new cultural products.
In the end, Pevere does exactly what a good reviewer should do - he gets to the heart of the matter and summarizes 80,000 words in one sentence:
"YouTube has given voices to those members of society most likely to be presumed disenfranchised by the old model of mass media influence, and the growing cacophony of formerly marginalized perspectives has inaugurated an unforeseen dilution of the mainstream media by alternative influences."
This is precisely Watching YouTube's main argument. Marginal voices are moving center-stage, and mainstream media's influence is being diluted.
It is unfortunate that Pereve, a film and movie critic, approaches the book as if it should have been a scholarly version of Siskel and Ebert. I explicitly state in the Introduction that Watching YouTube is not an interpretive tour of YouTube videos but a survey of its broader social patterns and significances.
Yet Pereve would have preferred a "discussion of the actual content of YouTube's user-generated videos -- testimonials, pop culture parodies, domestic spats, video blogs, funny pet spectacles." This is an odd criticism as I certainly do take the reader on a journey through wedding videos (White Trash Weddin - analyzed at length), pop culture parodies (the countless Downfall memes, analyzed in three different instances), domestic spats (Tricia Walsh Smith), video blogs (numerous examples), funny pet spectacles (The Engineers Guide to Cats) and much more, so his accusation that these are "cited more than probed" is quite misleading. A wide variety of videos are explored, probed, and explained and serve as examples that typify the broader social significance of amateur online videography.
While Pereve accuses me of failing to provide the reader with "an insider's perspective on the culture" this is precisely what one will find in Watching YouTube - an intimate exploration of YouTube's culture in the tradition of media ethnography. Consider the assessment of the book by Michael Wesch, renowned anthropologist of digital culture, "Strangelove provides a solid analysis of a wide variety of emerging YouTube genres, interactions, and communities." Heady praise from the man whose anthropological analysis of YouTube culture have attracted over twelve million viewers.
The reader of Watching YouTube will encounter my bride, my father and mother, my friends, my Barbie art, my students. They will `watch' or read about me shaving my head (à la Britney Spears melt down), faking a tantrum in class, and pondering the nasty feedback a video artist can get from the YouTube community. How much more `insider' can you get?
Along with in-depth treatment of famous videos such as Charlie Bit My Finger I also discuss numerous videos that will be entirely new to most readers so as to avoid going over well covered ground. Similarly the complaint that "numbers are cited endlessly as evidence of the network's size, influence and ubiquity" is hardly fair. Aside from barely two pages of statistics in the Introduction and a sprinkling of data throughout the text Pereve overstates the "cited endlessly" nature of my presentation of data. Indeed, given the modest historical significance of Watching YouTube as one of the first books to explore such a global phenomenon and the paucity of empirical research on YouTube, the reviewer might well have said that I bring solid empirical justification for taking the size, speed, and trajectory of amateur online videography seriously where such numbers are otherwise quite rarely encountered. Some people are just hard to please...
Aside from these minor complaints, Pereve pays Watching YouTube a great compliment when he suggests that the case made is "fascinating, pertinent [and] substantial":
"Essentially, Strangelove is arguing that YouTube may be subject to contradiction (it is, after all, a corporate entity that hosts millions of individual contributions), prone to reactionary unpleasantness (there is a lot of hate and stupidity on display), rife with advertising and hustle and filled with untold hours of vapid triviality, but that this might be the price paid for a truly democratic public forum in the post-digital world."
Unfortunately, in the end Pereve mistakenly reduces the significance of the thesis of Watching YouTube to its contradictions, "By eroding certain conceptual barriers once thought unbreachable, it [YouTube] may be demonstrating nothing quite so forcefully as the possibility of a future with vigorously thriving contradictions." But there is so much more to the text than the conclusion that YouTube is rife with contradictions.
A pity that Pereve did not highlight the other thesis of Watching YouTube - the quite probable nefarious impact of amateur online...Read more›Watching YouTube: Extraordinary Videos by Ordinary People (Digital Futures) Overview

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Latin American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks Review

Latin American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks
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Latin American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks ReviewNeeded the book for grad school. It was in good shape and easy to navigate. This is a helpful book for anyone studying Latin American anthro.Latin American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks Overview

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